Summary of The First Day :: Battle of Shiloh War History Essays

Summary of The First Day With the loss of Forts Henry and Donelson in February, General Johnston withdrew his Confederate forces into west Tennessee, northern Mississippi and Alabama to reorganize. In early March, General Halleck responded by ordering General Grant to move his Union Army of West Tennessee on an invasion up the Tennessee River. Occupying Pittsburg Landing, Grant had no thought of a Confederate attack. Halleck's instructions were that following the arrival of General Buell's Army of the Ohio from Nashville, Grant would move south in a joint offensive to seize the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, the Confederacy's only east-west all weather supply route that linked the lower Mississippi Valley to cities on the Confederacy's east coast. Assisted by General Beauregard, Johnston shifted his forces and placed almost 55,000 men around Corinth. Strategically located where the Memphis & Charleston crossed the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, Corinth was the western Confederacy's most important rail junction. On April 3, realizing Buell would soon reinforce Grant, Johnston launched an offensive with his Army of the Mississippi. Moving upon Pittsburg Landing with 43,938 men, Johnston planned to surprise Grant, cut his army off from retreat to the Tennessee River, and drive the Federals west into the swamps of Owl Creek. In the light of dawn, April 6, a small Federal reconnaissance discovered Johnston's army deployed for battle astride the Corinth road, just a mile beyond the forward Federal camps. Storming forward, the Confederates found the Federal position unfortified. By mid-morning, the Confederates seemed within easy reach of victory, overrunning one frontline Union division and capturing its camp. However, stiff resistance on the Federal right entangled Johnston's brigades in a savage fight around Shiloh Church. Throughout the day, Johnston's army hammered the Federal right, which gave ground but did not break. Meanwhile, Johnston's attack stalled in front of Sarah Bell's peach orchard and the dense oak thicket labeled the "hornet's nest" by the Confederates. Grant's left flank withstood Confederate assaults for seven crucial hours before being forced to yield ground in the late afternoon. Despite inflicting heavy casualties and seizing ground, the Confederates only drove Grant towards the river, instead of away from it. The Federal survivors established a solid front before Pittsburg Landing and stopped the last Confederate charge as dusk ended the first day of fighting. The Second Day April 7, 1862 Shiloh's first day of slaughter also witnessed the death of the Confederate leader, General Johnston, who fell at mid-afternoon, struck down by a stray bulle.

Part Seven Chapter 3

The coffins lay side by side on biers at the front of the church. A bronze chrysanthemum oar lay on Krystal's, and a white chrysanthemum teddy bear on Robbie's. Kay Bawden remembered Robbie's bedroom, with its few grimy plastic toys, and her fingers trembled on the order of service. Naturally, there was to be an inquiry at work, because the local paper was clamouring for one, and had written a front-page piece suggesting that the small boy had been left in the care of a pair of junkies and that his death could have been avoided, if only he had been removed to safety by negligent social workers. Mattie had been signed off with stress again, and Kay's handling of the case review was being assessed. Kay wondered what effect it would have on her chances of getting another job in London, when every local authority was cutting numbers of social workers, and how Gaia would react if they had to stay in Pagford †¦ she had not dared discuss it with her yet. Andrew glanced sideways at Gaia and they exchanged small smiles. Up in Hilltop House, Ruth was already sorting things for the move. Andrew could tell that his mother hoped, in her perennially optimistic way, that by sacrificing their house and the beauty of the hills, they would be rewarded with a rebirth. Wedded for ever to an idea of Simon that took no account of his rages or his crookedness, she was hoping that these would be left behind, like boxes forgotten in the move †¦ But at least, Andrew thought, he would be one step nearer London when they went, and he had Gaia's assurance that she had been too drunk to know what she was doing with Fats, and perhaps she might invite him and Sukhvinder back to her house for coffee after the funeral was over †¦ Gaia, who had never been inside St Michael's before, was half listening to the vicar's sing-song delivery, letting her eyes travel over the high starry ceiling and the jewel-coloured windows. There was a prettiness about Pagford that, now she knew that she was leaving, she thought she might quite miss †¦ Tessa Wall had chosen to sit behind everyone else, on her own. This brought her directly under the calm gaze of St Michael, whose foot rested eternally on that writhing devil with its horns and tail. Tessa had been in tears ever since her first glimpse of the two glossy coffins and, as much as she tried to stifle them, her soft gurglings were still audible to those near her. She had half expected somebody on the Weedon side of the church to recognize her as Fats' mother and attack her, but nothing had happened. (Her family life had turned inside out. Colin was furious with her. ‘You told him what?' ‘He wanted a taste of real life,' she had sobbed, ‘he wanted to see the seamy underside – don't you understand what all that slumming it was about?' ‘So you told him that he might be the result of incest, and that I tried to kill myself because he came into the family?' Years of trying to reconcile them, and it had taken a dead child, and Colin's profound understanding of guilt, to do it. She had heard the two of them talking in Fats' attic room the previous evening, and paused to eavesdrop at the foot of the stairs. ‘†¦ you can put that – that thing that Mum suggested out of your head completely,' Colin was saying gruffly. ‘You've got no physical or mental abnormalities, have you? Well then †¦ don't worry about it any more. But your counsellor will help you with all of this †¦') Tessa gurgled and snorted into her sodden tissue, and thought how little she had done for Krystal, dead on the bathroom floor †¦ it would have been a relief if St Michael had stepped down from his glowing window and enacted judgement on them all, decreeing exactly how much fault was hers, for the deaths, for the broken lives, for the mess †¦ A fidgeting young Tully boy on the other side of the aisle hopped out of his pew, and a tattooed woman reached out a powerful arm, grabbed him and pulled him back. Tessa's sobs were punctuated by a little gasp of surprise. She was sure that she had recognized her own lost watch on the thick wrist. Sukhvinder, who was listening to Tessa's sobs, felt sorry for her, but did not dare turn around. Parminder was furious with Tessa. There had been no way for Sukhvinder to explain the scars on her arms without mentioning Fats Wall. She had begged her mother not to call the Walls, but then Tessa had telephoned Parminder to tell them that Fats had taken full responsibility for The_Ghost_of_ Barry_Fairbrother's posts on the council website, and Parminder had been so vitriolic on the telephone that they had not spoken since. It had been such a strange thing for Fats to do, to take the blame for her post too; Sukhvinder thought of it almost as an apology. He had always seemed to read her mind: did he know that she had attacked her own mother? Sukhvinder wondered whether she would be able to confess the truth to this new counsellor in whom her parents seemed to place so much faith, and whether she would ever be able to tell the newly kind and contrite Parminder †¦ She was trying to follow the service, but it was not helping her in the way that she had hoped. She was glad about the chrysanthemum oar and the teddy bear, which Lauren's mum had made; she was glad that Gaia and Andy had come, and the girls from the rowing team, but she wished that the Fairbrother twins had not refused. (‘It'd upset Mum,' Siobhan had told Sukhvinder. ‘See, she thinks Dad spent too much time on Krystal.' ‘Oh,' said Sukhvinder, taken aback. ‘And,' said Niamh, ‘Mum doesn't like the idea that she'll have to see Krystal's grave every time we visit Dad's. They'll probably be really near each other.' Sukhvinder thought these objections small and mean, but it seemed sacrilegious to apply such terms to Mrs Fairbrother. The twins walked away, wrapped up in each other as they always were these days, and treating Sukhvinder with coolness for her defection to the outsider, Gaia Bawden.) Sukhvinder kept waiting for somebody to stand up and talk about who Krystal really was, and what she had done in her life, the way that Niamh and Siobhan's uncle had done for Mr Fairbrother, but apart from the vicar's brief reference to ‘tragically short lives' and ‘local family with deep roots in Pagford', he seemed determined to skirt the facts. So Sukhvinder focused her thoughts on the day that their crew had competed in the regional finals. Mr Fairbrother had driven them in the minibus to face the girls from St Anne's. The canal ran right through the private school's grounds, and it had been decided that they were to change in the St Anne's sports hall, and start the race there. ‘Unsporting, course it is,' Mr Fairbrother had told them on the way. ‘Home-ground advantage. I tried to get it changed, but they wouldn't. Just don't be intimidated, all right?' ‘I ain' fuck – ‘ ‘Krys – ‘ ‘I ain' scared.' But when they turned into the grounds, Sukhvinder was scared. Long stretches of soft green lawn, and a big symmetrical golden-stoned building with spires and a hundred windows: she had never seen anything like it, except on picture postcards. ‘It's like Buckingham Palace!' Lauren shrieked from the back, and Krystal's mouth had formed a round O; she had been as unaffected as a child sometimes. All of their parents, and Krystal's great-grandmother, were waiting at the finishing line, wherever that was. Sukhvinder was sure that she was not the only one who felt small, scared and inferior as they approached the entrance of the beautiful building. A woman in academic dress came swooping out to greet Mr Fairbrother, in his tracksuit. ‘You must be Winterdown!' ‘Course ‘e's not, does ‘e look like a fuckin' buildin'?' said Krystal loudly. They were sure that the teacher from St Anne's had heard, and Mr Fairbrother turned and tried to scowl at Krystal, but they could tell that he thought it was funny, really. The whole team started to giggle, and they were still snorting and cackling when Mr Fairbrother saw them off at the entrance to the changing rooms. ‘Stretch!' he shouted after them. The team from St Anne's was inside with their own coach. The two sets of girls eyed each other across the benches. Sukhvinder was struck by the other team's hair. All of them wore it long, natural and shiny: they could have starred in shampoo adverts. On their own team, Siobhan and Niamh had bobs, Lauren's hair was short; Krystal always wore hers in a tight, high pony tail, and Sukhvinder's was rough, thick and unruly as a horse's mane. She thought she saw two of the St Anne's girls exchange whispers and smirks, and was sure of it when Krystal suddenly stood tall, glaring at them, and said, ‘S'pose your shit smells of roses, does it?' ‘I beg your pardon?' said their coach. ‘Jus' askin',' said Krystal sweetly, turning her back to pull off her tracksuit bottoms. The urge to giggle had been too powerful to resist; the Winterdown team snorted with laughter as they changed. Krystal clowned away, and as the St Anne's crew filed out she mooned them. ‘Charming,' said the last girl to leave. ‘Thanks a lot,' Krystal called after her. ‘I'll let yer ‘ave another look later, if yeh want. I know yeh're all lezzers,' she yelled, ‘stuck in ‘ere together with no boys!' Holly had laughed so much that she had doubled over and banged her head on the locker door. ‘Fuckin' watch it, Hol,' Krystal had said, delighted with the effect she was having on them all. ‘Yeh'll need yer ‘ead.' As they had trooped down to the canal, Sukhvinder could see why Mr Fairbrother had wanted the venue changed. There was nobody but him here to support them at the start, whereas the St Anne's crew had lots of friends shrieking and applauding and jumping up and down on the spot, all with the same kind of glossy long hair. ‘Look!' shouted Krystal, pointing into this group as they passed. ‘It's Lexie Mollison! Remember when I knocked yer teeth out, Lex?' Sukhvinder had a pain from laughing. She was glad and proud to be walking along behind Krystal, and she could tell that the others were too. Something about how Krystal faced the world was protecting them from the effect of the staring eyes and the fluttering bunting, and the building like a palace in the background. But she could tell that even Krystal was feeling the pressure as they climbed into their boat. Krystal turned to Sukhvinder, who always sat behind her. She was holding something in her hand. ‘Good-luck charm,' she said, showing her. It was a red plastic heart on a key-ring, with a picture of her little brother in it. ‘I've told ‘im I'm gonna bring ‘im back a medal,' said Krystal. ‘Yeah,' said Sukhvinder, with a rush of faith and fear. ‘We will.' ‘Yeah,' said Krystal, facing front again, and tucking the key-ring back inside her bra. ‘No competition, this lot,' she said loudly, so the whole crew could hear. ‘Bunch o' muff munchers. Le's do 'em!' Sukhvinder remembered the starting gun and the crowd's cheers and her muscles screaming. She remembered her elation at their perfect rhythm, and the pleasure of their deadly seriousness after laughter. Krystal had won it for them. Krystal had taken away the home-ground advantage. Sukhvinder wished that she could be like Krystal: funny and tough; impossible to intimidate; always coming out fighting. She had asked Terri Weedon for two things, and they had been granted, because Terri agreed with everyone, always. The medal that Krystal had won that day was around her neck for her burial. The other request came, at the very end of the service, and this time, as he announced it, the vicar sounded resigned. Good girl gone bad – Take three – Action. No clouds in my storms †¦ Let it rain, I hydroplane into fame Comin' down with the Dow Jones †¦ Her family half carried Terri Weedon back down the royal-blue carpet, and the congregation averted its eyes.

The Ethics Of The National Society Of Professional Engineers

The first fundamental canon of the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Code of Ethics states that engineers â€Å"hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.† The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) takes it a step further by amending the NSPE canon and adding that chemical engineers â€Å"protect the environment in performance of their professional duties.† These ethical standards were placed in order to prevent contaminations to maintain a healthy work environment, and prevent the general public and environment from being harmed. The â€Å"Aberdeen Three† case is an instance of three knowledgeable and high ranking engineers, as well as the United States army, disregarding the safety of the public or their†¦show more content†¦In September of 1985 a large scandal arose when improper care and neglect of a small acid leak waste led to a total of 200 gallons of acid waste flowing into a creek, which merged into a much larger river. Immediate investigation discovered that much of their toxic disposal equipment was corroded, no attempt was made for clean-ups despite the law stating that the army would pay for it, and a culture of following the status-quo and isolating the APG from society. Despite the responsibility that the Army had, due to constitutional barriers, was left alone and instead the Justice Department went after three top level chemical engineering managers Carl Gepp, William Dee, and Robert Lentz. They argued that they had never had any other large chemical accident, their job description did not include a responsibility for caring for the environment, and that they could not be charged for improper waste disposal as they had a different view on what waste was. Despite facing up to fifteen years in prison and a $750,000 fine each, the three engineers only received three years of probation and 1000 hours of community service since they had already paid major fines of which the Army could not pay. Years after the fact, these three professional engineers still argued that they had committed no crime and that what occurred to them was unjust, showing theShow MoreRelatedEngineers And Social Responsibility : Engineering Profession1377 Words   |  6 PagesEngineers and Social Responsibility All professionals must act ethically. Engineering profession, as well as other occupations, found the need to abide by the code of ethics to regulate their practice to only those services that are good for the society. Therefore, codes of ethics are procedures that guide any professional. More so, the codes of ethic are vital in keeping individuals in any profession to what is required. In addition, ethical codes and guidelines help to determine the practices justifiedRead MoreCode of Ethics Assignment1001 Words   |  5 Pages1. 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As such, the knowledge on static concepts needs to be prioritized in the development and implementation of engineering projects to minimize the possibilities of failure due to poor planningRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And The Law Of The Public Health, Safety, And Welfare981 Words   |  4 Pagesone engineer in the same, all are professionals in their own field. In each one of these fields, there is a certain code of ethics that must be lived and maintained, by the engineer themselves. There are lists of the different ethics models, but to list a few: there is Rule-Based Utilitarianism, Duty Ethics, Rights Ethics, Virtue Ethics, and the NCEES ethical code. All of these individual codes clearly states, and sets guidelines for the engineers to follow and live by. These ethics setRead MoreIntegrity : Integrity And Integrity1084 Words   |  5 Pageswords ever could. Integrity becomes the basis for both reputation and self-respect. 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Radical Republicans Powerful Faction After Civil War

Radical Republicans was the name given to a vocal and powerful faction in the U.S. Congress which advocated emancipation of slaves before and during the Civil War, and insisted on harsh penalties for the South following the war, during the period of Reconstruction. Two prominent leaders of the Radical Republicans were Thaddeus Stevens, a congressman from Pennsylvania, and Charles Sumner, a senator from Massachusetts. The agenda of the Radical Republicans during the Civil War included opposition to Abraham Lincolns plans for the post-war South. Thinking Lincolns ideas were far too lenient, the Radical Republicans backed the Wade-Davis Bill, which advocated more stringent rules for admitting states back into the Union. After the Civil War, and Lincolns assassination, the Radical Republicans were outraged by the policies of President Andrew Johnson. Opposition to Johnson included overriding presidential vetoes of legislation and eventually organizing his impeachment. Background of the Radical Republicans The leadership of the Radical Republicans tended to be drawn from the abolitionist movement. Thaddeus Stevens, the leader of the group in the House of Representatives, had been an opponent of slavery for decades. As a lawyer in Pennsylvania, he had defended fugitive slaves. In the U.S. Congress, he became head of the very powerful House Ways and Means Committee and was able to exert influence on the conduct of the Civil War. Stevens prodded President Abraham Lincoln to emancipate the slaves. And he also advocated the concept that the states which had seceded would be, at the end of the war, conquered provinces, not entitled to re-enter the Union until they met certain conditions. The conditions would include giving equal rights to freed slaves and proving loyalty to the Union. The leader of the Radical Republicans in the Senate, Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, had also been an advocate against slavery. In fact, he had been the victim of a vicious attack in the U.S. Capitol in 1856 when he had ​beaten with a cane by Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina. The Wade-Davis Bill In late 1863 President Lincoln issued a plan to reconstruct the South after the anticipated end of the Civil War. Under Lincolns plan, if 10 percent of the people in a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could set up a new state government which would be recognized by the federal government. The Radical Republicans in Congress were outraged by what they considered an overly mild and forgiving attitude toward the states which were, at that time, waging war against the United States. They introduced their own bill, the Wade-Davis Bill, named for two members of Congress. The bill would require that a majority of white citizens of a state which had seceded would have to swear loyalty to the United States before a state would be readmitted to the Union. After Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill, President Lincoln, in the summer of 1864, refused to sign it, thereby letting it die by pocket veto. Some of the Congressional Republicans responded by attacking Lincoln, even urging that another Republican run against him in that years presidential election. By doing so, the Radical Republicans came off as extremists  and alienated many northerners. Radical Republicans Battled President Andrew Johnson Following the assassination of Lincoln, the Radical Republicans discovered that the new president, Andrew Johnson, was even more forgiving toward the South. As might be expected, Stevens, Sumner, and the other influential Republicans in Congress were openly hostile to Johnson. Johnsons policies proved to be unpopular with the public, which led to gains in Congress for the Republicans in 1866. And the Radical Republicans found themselves in the position of being able to override any vetoes by Johnson. The battles between Johnson and the Republicans in Congress escalated over various pieces of legislation. In 1867 the Radical Republicans succeeded in passing the Reconstruction Act (which was updated with subsequent Reconstruction Acts) and the Fourteenth Amendment. President Johnson was eventually impeached by the House of Representatives  but was not convicted and removed from office after a trial by the U.S. Senate. The Radical Republicans After the Death of Thaddeus Stevens Thaddeus Stevens died on August 11, 1868. After lying in the state in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol, he was buried in a cemetery in Pennsylvania he had chosen as it allowed burials of both whites and blacks. The faction of Congress he had led continued, though without his fiery temperament much of the fury of the Radical Republicans subsided. Plus, they tended to support the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, who took office in March 1869.

Minor Prophets Essay - 1142 Words

The Old Testament ends with the Minor Prophets. These prophets provided insight on many issues the Jews were facing. All of the prophets had the same ideas of a warning of impending judgment because of the nations’ sinfulness, the coming judgment, a call for repentance, and a promise of future deliverance of God’s grace. Idolatry, social injustice and religious ritualism are three issues that the prophets emphasized on in their teachings and can be inspired in the minds and hearts of believers today. The prophets’ teachings are just as important today as they were in the past. The teachings about God, the way man lived, social issues, and religious rituals are all relevant in the today’s society. Idolatry is the worship of anything else†¦show more content†¦The society we live in now struggles to focus on God. There are too many other things that have come to replace Him as number one in their lives. If we could focus more on God today, the issues that are prevalent would begin to disappear and we would be able to reap the goodness God promises. Unfortunately, humans continue to stray from God and worship their false idols with their eyes, minds, and hearts. In Jonah 2:8, â€Å"Those who cling to worthless idols turn away from God’s love for them.†, Jonah prayed to God about idolatry when he realized what he had done wrong and how mistaken he was to run from God’s command. The prophet teachings about social injustice come from Amos. Social injustice is the ill treatment to the vulnerable citizens that God calls us to respect and care for. In Leviticus 19: 3-35, God instructs us about respecting our parents, feeding the poor, paying workers on time, upholding justice, not slandering others, respecting the elderly, and honesty in business dealings. Amos preached the coming of judgment against Israel for oppressing their people. The inequality between the rich and the poor were disgraceful to God’s commands. Amos 5: 14-15 states â€Å"Seek good, not evil, that you may live. Then the Lord God Almighty will be with you, just as you say He is. Hate evil, love good; maintain justice in the courts. Perhaps the Lord God Almighty will have mercyShow MoreRelatedIslam vs. Christianity Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagestotally different. In this essay I will compare and contrast many of the facets that make up the worlds largest and most recognized religions, Christianity and Islam. The word Islam means surrender or submission, submission to the will of Allah, the one God. Muslims are those who have submitted themselves. The basic creed of Islam is brief: There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah. Islam teachesRead MoreEssay about The Differences Between Islam and Christianity640 Words   |  3 Pagesthe fundamental areas, while being totally different. In this essay I will compare and contrast many of the facets that make up the worlds largest and most recognized religions, Christianity and Islam. The word Islam means surrender or submission, submission to the will of Allah, the one God. Muslims are those who have submitted themselves. The basic creed of Islam is brief: There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah. Islam teaches that there is one God, the creator andRead MoreProphets from the Old Testament723 Words   |  3 PagesEssay 4: Prophets The Old Testament is finished up with several different lessons that can be learned from the prophet’s teachings. There were twelve different prophets in the Old Testament, who were also known as the Minor Prophets. The Jews were anxious to know who God was, and the Old Testament prophets offered understanding to many disputes. 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While Christianity and Judaism have numerous similarities because of the mother-daughter link, differences still exist. The sacred text for Judaism is the Tanach while for Christianity the Bible is used. This essay will explore the structure of each sacred text, the type of literature is in each canon, authorship of the text and how it is used in daily practice such as food, interpretation of the commandments and how a Torah is used in a synagogue. STRUCTURERead MoreAnalysis Of The Matrix Reveal Neo As A Messiah Figure1670 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hallelujah, you are my saviour! My personal Jesus Christ!†- Choi. This essay will analyse how the 1999 movie, ‘The Matrix’ reveal Neo as a messiah figure. Most people argue that it is a Christian sci-fi movie as it portrays the doctrine and the life of Jesus from birth, death, resurrection and ascension through indexical and iconic signs. 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Binge Drinking In the UK Free Essays

History of binge drinking in the UK can be traced to several years back and nobody can tell exactly when it started. The Stone Age group thinks that fermenting of alcohol began twelve thousand years ago, during the Neolithic period, and there is no any idea if straws were used. The people of UK never got on to Thevinum until the Romans brought wine that was diluted with water. We will write a custom essay sample on Binge Drinking In the UK or any similar topic only for you Order Now Romans in Britain influenced drinking. The Roman emperors who ruled from AD37 to AD69 were drunkards, despite the fact they were not allowed to drink while in the power stool. The Romans brought about a culture where wine was consumed along with food and children consumed diluted wine . Beer was used as a carbohydrate food in early years. In medieval England there were three fermentations with the strongest one for men, then women and weakest for monks and children. Monks brewed the best quality to be used in Eucharist. In 1736 parliament wanted to pass a law to regulate gin but people rioted and instead production increased. During World War 1 the government was concerned about the female soldiers who drank alcohol while fighting, thereby it introduced laws reducing beer’s strength and by the end of the war consumption had reduced, but at the moment it is on the rise. The culture of binge drinking in the UK does exist and it involves drinking intentionally to become intoxicated. The rate of consumption of Alcohol in UK per capita has risen in the last decade. People in UK not only drink beer but also spirits. The culture of binge drinking in UK is a daily norm associated with fat incomes whereby alcohol consumption is a common part of everyday life activity characterised by low rates of abstinence and easy availability of alcohol. Binge drinking is higher in UK than in France. The culture of drinking in UK is different from other European nations which have binge drinkers doing it slowly in the evening, while in the UK it is done rapidly hence drunkenness. In the UK binge drinking culture has unique features whereby in a social context you find large groups of about eight to twelve going out with partners with a purpose of getting drunk together. The binge drinking culture is a problem that costs the country billions of money each year. Binge drinking has both positive and negative effects. Beer is a drug like any other drug like cocaine or heroin . Binge drinking makes one to increase his self- confidence, one becomes relaxed. An average consumption of alcohol increases one’s sex drive (libido). On the other hand drinking can cause changes in people’s lives and behaviour. Alcohol cause illness and health problems, it can cause brain cell damage and the brain can not judge well, events will not be coordinated well in the brain and at older age one will lose memory. When one takes alcohol, it is directly absorbed to bloodstream and makes every organ vulnerable to diseases like cancer. Drinking though known not to be illegal, has massive social costs than illegal drugs . Binge drinking makes one easily confused and one becomes emotional. Over drinking puts one at a risk of losing consciousness and it increases the chances on one causing an accident if driving under the influence of alcohol. Drinking increase ones risk of becoming a victim of heart attack and one feels nauseous. With alcohol consumption, self control becomes a problem, with depression. Binge drinkers risk liver damage and cirrhosis. Students who binge drink are likely to fall behind in class work and are likely to plagiarise their work for submission. Binge drinking causes death, injuries and increased cases of sexual assault. Fighting at drinking places and place of resident will be on the rise . Youths are increasingly becoming binge drinkers. Children start binge drinking at an early age before teenage age. There is widespread binge drinking acts among the teenagers and pre-teens, with parents either ignoring or accepting such acts. In Europe, a youth apart from students drinking is not welcome but in UK it is welcome and youths massively drink. Youths have social pressure to get drunk in order to fit a certain socially group, especially during a night out. Youths at any moment they get money they link one another and go out for intoxication. France has taken a step and it is struggling to combat youths from consuming alcohol. In conclusion, binge drinking is a real problem rather than an illusion, which need to be combated in the UK. Binge drinking has a long history in the UK, the culture of drinking is luring youths each day, who do not take into consideration or who ignore the severe consequences of binge drinking. The government of UK is experiencing a rise in binge drinking by the youths. This has become a problematic issue to the government of UK in curbing the drinking culture. Bibliography: Family Training Program. Family training program for Alcohol misuse 2009. Accessed at,http://www. alcoholconcern. org. uk/files/20090429_190115_Flyer%20A5. pdf Gossop M. Living with Drugs, Ashgate Publishing, 2007. Vallely P. 2,000 Years of Binge Drinking, 2005. Accessed at, http://www. independent. co. uk/news/uk/this-britain/2000-years-of-binge-drinking- 516009. html How to cite Binge Drinking In the UK, Papers Binge drinking in the UK Free Essays We see drunken people almost everyday; whether it is on the news, in our local pub, walking down the street, or possibly even that one colleague at work who’s having a hard time. We’ve all heard the stories on the news about Britain’s problems with alcohol, whether its minors being inebriated, students binge drinking, or those of us who are simply alcoholics. And what are our great leaders doing to help prevent this? What is always their answer when this topic is raised in parliament? ‘Let us raise the minimum legal age for buying and consuming alcohol to 21. We will write a custom essay sample on Binge drinking in the UK or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ However I propose something radically different. Let us lower it. Aside from the obvious reasons – such as being able to get married at 16 but being unable to have a celebratory drink at your own wedding – there are many valid reasons to lower the age limit. Most of us know the story of Adam and Eve being thrown out of The Garden of Eden because Eve ate one of the Apples from the tree of wisdom after God told them specifically not to eat from that tree but they could eat anything else they wished to eat. This is probably the best known version of the â€Å"Forbidden Fruits† theory – also where the name originated from. There has been many psychological studies to prove and determine how, when and why the â€Å"Forbidden Fruits† theory works the way it does. If you say to your child â€Å"here is a chocolate bar, but you can’t eat it† all the child will think about is that chocolate bar and eating it. It is exactly the same with youths and alcohol, making them want to drink underage. – and this is where the problem begins for every drinker. Simply because the youths know they can not and should not drink they will do everything possible get their hands on alcohol as often as they can. However if we lower the minimum age of consumption, therefore making alcohol more accessible to youths, the number of youths with alcohol problems will decrease significantly. In countries such as Italy and France where drinking a moderate amount of alcohol with the evening meal is the norm, they have significantly less alcohol related health issues than we do. Children are allowed a sip of wine or a slurp of beer because it’s a social activity. Children, and therefore teenagers, see alcohol and its function differently. They have no concept of going out â€Å"to get drunk†. There is also the problem that, just like sex, alcohol is everywhere. There is at least one pub on every corner, every shop has an alcohol section – often near the checkout, alcohol in television shows and movies, advertisements for alcohol itself, empty tin cans and bottles lying in the streets – often smashed, inebriated people walking home, it becomes drilled into our brains to drink. To someone who is attempting not to drink, it is very hard and they will almost certainly give in due to constant reminders ‘taunting’ them. I believe we should join our brothers and sisters in the European Union. Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, the Netherlands and Switzerland all have minimum ages of 16 for buying and consumption. Meanwhile Cyprus has a minimum age of 17 and in Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania and Sweden there is no minimum age. While countries in the EU do tend to drink more, the number of alcohol related problems is significantly less than in other countries. In America 57% of the adult population admit to drinking too much. When it comes to minors drinking in America only 9% of the drinkers aged 12 -14 did not binge drink – and it only gets worse! 6% of 15-17 year olds do not binge drink and a shocking 4% of 18-20 years olds (bearing in mind that the minimum age for buying and consuming alcohol in America is 21.) However in Spain only 5% of the population has an alcohol related problem. Why? They too start drinking in their early teens – just like us Britons – although the difference is they are encouraged to not only drink with friends but with family too. Finally, in Italy the quickest way to lose your friend’s and neighbors’ respect is to get drunk in public. Drinking on the streets is considered disrespectful. I feel we need a shift in the way we think about alcohol and the restrictions on it and this needs to be government led, by lowering the age limit for buying alcohol. If children grew up knowing what wine, beer etc tasted like, the mysticism behind it has been removed, and therefore the impulse to go out and get drunk. By lowering, not raising, the age limit there will be an almost instant change in the number of people abusing alcohol, especially in the younger generations. How to cite Binge drinking in the UK, Papers

Evolution of Management Theory Business Perspectives

Question: Describe about the Evolution of Management Theory for Business Perspectives. Answer: Introduction The evolution of management theory has not only been an effective movement for the effective practice of management but it has given rise to scientific management approaches which has helped to see management from a different perspective. The management theory emerged in the early twentieth century that has helped the managers to maximize efficiency and performance capability of the managers. The modern management theory became much more important with the market becoming extremely competitive with time. In the recent past there have been number of researches which has discussed the evolution of contemporary management theory and its applications in business (Hatch Cunliffe, 2013). The emergence of the modern scientific system of management came in as the managers earlier only had technical knowledge and didnt have the capacity to manage social problems when people work together in a workplace. Hence contemporary theories like Maslows Hierarchy of needs, Taylors management theory an d Demings total quality management. These contemporary management theories are effectively used in the workplaces to ensure that employees are motivated, the operations management is streamlined and quality could be handled effectively (Koontz, 2010). The present study will discuss their applications in different workplaces. Companies taken for the application of the models are Tesco, Asda and Samsung. Applications of Management theoretical Concepts The application of modern management concepts has eased the pressure off the contemporary managers. The modern management understands the social problems of the workforce and is also well equipped with the technical managerial knowledge which helps in handling the organisational operations effectively. It could be said that most of the top multinationals focus on developing and motivating their employees in order to get the best results from them which would help to compete in this highly competitive market environment. Lets take a common example of Tesco Plc. Tesco is one of the leading multinational retail companies in the world and compete with companies like Asda, MS, Sainsburys in UK and Wal-Mart. Given the high competition that the company operates it is important that the company is able to keep its employees content by understanding their needs and wants and accordingly addressing them in order to motivate employees to work for the company (Latham, 2012). This is where the im portance of effective managerial practice comes into the picture. It could be said that the managers of Tesco should be able to use the Maslows hierarchy of needs model in order to understand the social needs and wants of the employees. The theory states there are five basic stages of needs which an individual goes on to achieve in his lifetime namely the basic needs (food, clothes and water,), Safety and security needs (personal safety), love and belonging needs (love, relationship, friends), Esteem Needs (Achievements, respect, recognition), Self Actualisation Needs (self fulfillment, personal growth ). Every manager should provide its employees the opportunity to fulfill these needs which will help him or her to achieve the organisational objectives. The application of this theory to motivate employees works really well as it addresses all the basic areas of human life as well as influences better managerial practices as it forces the managers to think more about the team and the organisation. The advantage of this theory for managers is that th ey can very effectively motivate employees to reach the goal but often managers fail to measure the satisfaction of the individual on one level of need. Hence it could be said that better understanding of this theory for the line managers and upper management of Tesco will help to influence employees effectively given its huge operations (Maslow, 2013). Asda is another leading retail organisation in UK where the applicability of the Taylors Management theory is effective. The company has to compete in an environment where big giants like Tesco and MS operate and hence it could create competitive advantage with the help of the effective implementation of the contemporary management theory given by Taylor which is likely to improve the managerial practices at the company. The theory states production process will be effective if employees reduce the amount of time and effort contributed to get the output. He further stated that division of labor is likely to develop the efficiency of the organisation (Bell Martin, 2012). Taking the clue from this theory the managers could implement their skills to understand the capabilities of the employees to allocate jobs effectively which are only going to develop their overall management skills. Through this theory the managers will have to acquire better analytical skills to assess employees and their capacities to allot jobs which are likely to improve the production procedure. With the emergence of this theory visible merits have been seen like assessment of employees becomes easier and hence visible change in performance is seen but some managers start putting higher work pressure that clearly reduces the productivity of the employees and hence managers will have to be much more ethical with the way they treat employees in Asda (Taneja et al., 2011). Samsung one of the leading Mobile Phone companies has always focused on quality and hence it focuses on using the Demings quality management theory. With the implementation of this theory quality management has improved in the company. The basic fourteen principles that Samsung focuses on are: Constant focus on product improvement Adopting new philosophy in terms of innovation Introduce new process to achieve quality and not mere dependence on inspection Minimisation of total cost Emphasis on planning, production and service On Job Training Leadership enforcement Flushing out of fear. Better communication with staffs No targets set for the workforce No numerical goals for management Removing all kinds of barriers Self improvement programs Putting everyone on work to accomplish mission and vision (Hill et al., 2014). The implementation of this theory has helped Samsung to understand quality as a whole and managers have realised their jobs well which has improved managerial practice in the organisation. This has provided a huge advantage of innovation that helps the managers to come up with ideas and plans for the products and services which helps to streamline their thought process clearly helping them to improve the implementation of management in the organisation but it also creates a definite problem for them which is analysing quality as a whole which makes the task too daunting and extremely tough in a competitive workplace like Samsung (Andronikidis et al., 2009). Conclusion To conclude the study it could be said that the above mentioned theories are effective in the contemporary business environment. Their introduction in the workplace definitely helps to influence managerial practices as they provide effective insights to the managers which help them to make the right decisions. It could be said that in the modern business environment the applicability of management theories are extremely important and offer immense practical support to the managers for the smooth running of their respective systems. References Andronikidis, A., Georgiou, A. C., Gotzamani, K., Kamvysi, K. (2009). The application of quality function deployment in service quality management.The TQM journal,21(4), 319-333. Bell, R. L., Martin, J. S. (2012). The relevance of scientific management and equity theory in everyday managerial communication situations.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,13(3). Hatch, M. J., Cunliffe, A. L. (2013).Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Koontz, H. (2010).Essentials of management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Latham, G. P. (2012).Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Sage. Maslow, A. H. (2013).A theory of human motivation. Start Publishing LLC. Taneja, S., Pryor, M. G., Toombs, L. A. (2011). Frederick W. Taylor's scientific management principles: relevance and validity.Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship,16(3), 60.